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Let the figures tell our story! Thank you for your quick response. Proper nouns are always capitalized. A concrete noun names an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the senses. A collective noun names a group. When the collective noun refers to the group as a whole, it is singular.
When it refers to the individual group members, the collective noun is plural. The family eats dinner together every night. A possessive noun shows possession, ownership, or the relationship between two nouns. A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being and is necessary to make a statement. He knows. We walk. She sees it. An action verb tells what someone or something does. The two types of action verbs are transitive and intransitive. A transitive verb is followed by a word or words—called the direct object—that answer the question what?
An intransitive verb is not followed by a word that answers what? Transitive: The tourists saw the ruins. The janitor washed the window. Intransitive: Owls hooted during the night.
The children played noisily. An indirect object receives what the direct object names. Marcy sent her brother a present. A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative. The trucks were red. A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all its auxiliary, or helping, verbs. We had been told of his arrival.
They are listening to a symphony. Verbs have four principle parts or forms: base, past, present participle, and past participle. Base: I talk. Present Participle: I am talking. Past: I talked.
Past Participle: I have talked. Irregular verbs form their past form and past participle without adding -ed to the base form. The principle parts are used to form six verb tenses. The tense of a verb expresses time.
Simple Tenses Present Tense: She speaks. Progressive forms of verbs are made up of a form of be and a present participle and express a continuing action.
Emphatic forms are made up of a form of do and a base form and add emphasis or ask questions. Progressive: Marla is babysitting. The toddlers have been napping for an hour.
Emphatic: They do prefer beef to pork. We did ask for a quiet table. The voice of a verb shows whether the subject performs the action or receives the action of the verb. A sentence is in the active voice when the subject performs the action.
A sentence is in the passive voice when the subject receives the action of the verb. The robin ate the worm. A pronoun takes the place of a noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun. A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing. First-person personal pronouns refer to the speaker, second-person pronouns refer to the one spoken to, and third-person pronouns refer to the one spoken about.
Singular Plural First Person I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours Second Person you, your, yours you, your, yours Third Person he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, its they, them, their, theirs 3. A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence. An intensive pronoun adds emphasis to a noun or another pronoun. A demonstrative pronoun points out specific persons, places, things, or ideas.
Reflexive: Nikki prepares himself for the day-long hike. Intensive: Nikki himself prepares for the day-long hike. Demonstrative: That was a good movie! These are the files you wanted. An interrogative pronoun is used to form questions.
An indefinite pronoun refers to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a personal pronoun does. Interrogative: Whose are these? Which did you prefer? Relative: The bread that we tasted was whole wheat. Indefinite: Someone has already told them. Everyone agrees on the answer. Use the subject form of a personal pronoun when it is used as a subject or when it follows a linking verb. He writes stories. Are they ready?
It is I. Use the object form of a personal pronoun when it is an object. Cleary called us. Use a possessive pronoun to replace a possessive noun. Never use an apostrophe in a possessive personal pronoun. Their science experiment is just like ours. When a pronoun is followed by an appositive, use the subject pronoun if the appositive is the subject.
Use the object pronoun if the appositive is an object. To test whether the pronoun is correct, read the sentence without the appositive. We eighth-graders would like to thank you. The success of us geometry students is due to Ms. In incomplete comparisons, choose the pronoun that you would use if the missing words were fully expressed. Harris can play scales faster than I can. It is worth more to you than it is to me. In questions use who for subjects and whom for objects.
Who wants another story? Whom will the class choose as treasurer? In subordinate clauses use who and whoever as subjects and after linking verbs, and use whom and whomever as objects.
These souvenirs are for whoever wants to pay the price. The manager will train whomever the president hires. An antecedent is the word or group of words to which a pronoun refers or that a pronoun replaces.
All pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number, gender, and person. The huge old trees held their own against the storm. Make sure that the antecedent of a pronoun is clearly stated. Cardonal baked cookies with her daughters, hoping to sell them at the bake sale. Cardonal baked cookies with her daughters, hoping to sell the cookies at the bake sale. An adjective modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun by providing more information or giving a specific detail.
The smooth surface of the lake gleamed. Frosty trees glistened in the sun. The handmade one seems very colorful. Articles are the adjectives a, an, and the. Articles do not meet the preceding test for adjectives. A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter.
Tricia admired the Scottish sweaters. Our Mexican vacation was memorable. The comparative form of an adjective compares two things or people. The superlative form compares more than two things or people. Form the comparative by adding -er or combining with more or less. Form the superlative by adding -est or combining with most or least. Some adjectives have irregular comparative forms. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs tell how, where, when, or to what extent. The cat walked quietly. She thinks quickly. She thinks unusually fast. She seldom thinks fast. The comparative form of an adverb compares two actions. The superlative form compares more than two actions. For shorter adverbs, add -er or -est to form the comparative or superlative. For most adverbs, add more or most or less or least to form the comparative or superlative.
We walked faster than before. They listened most carefully to the final speaker. Avoid double negatives, which are two negative words in the same clause. Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections 1. A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word. A compound preposition is made up of more than one word.
The trees near our house provide plenty of shade. The schools were closed because of snow. Common prepositions include these: about, above, according to, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, in spite of, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, past, round, since, through, till, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without.
A conjunction is a word that joins single words or groups of words. A coordinating conjunction joins words or groups of words that have equal grammatical weight.
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight. A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other. I want to visit the art gallery and the museum.
A conjunctive adverb clarifies a relationship. Frank loved the old maple tree; nevertheless, he disliked raking its leaves. An interjection is an unrelated word or phrase that expresses emotion or strong feeling.
Look, there are two cardinals at the feeder. Good Grief! Are you kidding? A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a sentence or a part of a sentence. There are two types of clauses: main and subordinate. A subordinate clause has a subject and a predicate, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence.
She became a veterinarian because she loves animals. There are three types of subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun. An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. The wrens that built a nest in the backyard are now raising their young. An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that often modifies the verb in the main clause of the sentence.
It tells when, where, how, why, or under what conditions. Before they got out, the goats broke the fence in several places. A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Whatever we do will have to please everyone. Main and subordinate clauses can form several types of sentences. A simple sentence has only one main clause and no subordinate clauses. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses. A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
A sentence that makes a statement is classified as a declarative sentence. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Please close the door on your way out.
An interrogative sentence asks a question. When will the mail carrier arrive? An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion. Watch out! What a view that is! Phrases 1. A phrase is a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition.
A prepositional phrase can act as an adjective or an adverb. The house on the hill is white. An appositive is a noun or pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify it or give more information about it. An appositive phrase is an appositive plus its modifiers. Our sister Myra is home from college.
Her college, Purdue University, is in Indiana. A verbal is a verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. A verbal phrase is a verbal and other words that complete its meaning.
A participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles usually end in -ed. The squeaking floor board gave me away. The twisted tree was ancient. A participial phrase contains a participle and other words that complete its meaning. Moving quickly across the room, the baby crawled toward her mother.
A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing. It is used in the same way a noun is used. Sailing is a traditional vacation activity for the Andersons. A gerund phrase is a gerund plus any complements or modifiers.
Walking to school is common for many school children. An infinitive is a verbal formed from the word to and the base form of a verb. It is often used as a noun. Because an infinitive acts as a noun, it may be the subject of a sentence or the direct object of an action verb. To sing can be uplifting. An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive plus any complements or modifiers.
The flight attendants prepared to feed the hungry passengers. A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. The kangaroo jumps. In inverted sentences the subject follows the verb.
The sentence may begin with a prepositional phrase, the words there or here, or a form of do. Into the pond dove the children. Does a bird have a sense of smell? There is a squeak in that third stair. Do not mistake a word in a prepositional phrase for the subject. The glass in the window is streaked. The singular verb is agrees with the subject, glass. A title is always singular, even if nouns in the title are plural. Instant World Facts is a helpful reference book.
Subjects combined with and or both need a plural verb unless the parts are of a whole unit. When compound subjects are joined with or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject listed last.
Canterbury and Coventry have famous cathedrals. A bagel and cream cheese is a filling snack. Either two short stories or a novel is acceptable for your book report. A verb must agree in number with an indefinite pronoun subject.
Indefinite pronouns that are always singular: anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, someone, and something. Always plural: both, few, many, others, and several Either singular or plural: all, any, most, none, and some Most of the snow has melted.
All of the children have eaten. The neighbors pitched in, and the job went a lot faster. We ate everything except the crust. They were altogether prepared for a heated discussion. Besides the kitchen, the den is my favorite room.
Use among to show a relationship in a group. The joke was between Hilary and Megan. The conversation among the teacher, the principal, and the janitor was friendly. Use take to show movement from a nearby place to a more distant one. You may bring your model here. Please take a brochure with you when you go. Constance can walk to school. She may ride the bus if she wishes. Celia chose the purple folder.
Use less with nouns that cannot be counted. There were fewer sunny days this year. I see less fog today than I expected.
Lydia formerly lived in Spain, but now she lives in New York City. The birds nest in the trees. A bird flew into our window yesterday. Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes. The dog lives in its own house. We lay the uniforms on the shelves each day. The players lie on the floor to do their sit-ups.
Minton will teach French to us next year. Dad will let me go swimming today. I did not want to lose my balance. Use much with nouns that cannot be counted. Many ants were crawling near the anthill. Marly can proceed with her travel plans.
The other kittens were quite playful. Please raise your hand if you would like to help. I left the bread in a warm spot to rise. Set can also be used to describe the sun going down. Please sit in your assigned seats.
Set those dishes down. The sun set at First get comfortable, then look the pitcher right in the eye. The Westons returned to their favorite vacation spot. Theirs is one of the latest models. You may go to the library. Available in Bit CD Quality Unlimited Streaming Listen to this album in high quality now on our apps Start my trial period and start listening to this album.
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